<div dir="ltr"><div>Hello!</div><div><br></div><div>I've put together a PCB to try to act as a charger for the 3 batteries while monitoring voltage/current (with a microcontroller managing everything). It turns out that SamacSys is OK with people publishing their footprints in open hardware projects (the footprints from Mouser's site), so I can now publish my boards without worrying about legal trouble.</div><div><br></div><div>Please check it out if you get a chance and tell me what you think (I am quite sure there is much for me to improve (particularly where the footprint files are right now)).</div><div><br></div><div>Git repo for Kicad project:</div><div><a href="https://gitlab.com/charlesrwest/batterycontrolcircuitdemonstration">https://gitlab.com/charlesrwest/batterycontrolcircuitdemonstration</a></div><div><br></div><div>Thanks,</div><div>Charlie</div><div><br></div><div>P.S.</div><div>I am going to post my motor control test board shortly as well. Also, the overview README for this project is below.</div><div><br></div><div>This KiCad board is intended to be used for battery charging and eventually integrated into a large multifunctional PCB in the GoodBot Go robotics platform. <br><br>Please email any questions to <a href="mailto:crwest@ncsu.edu">crwest@ncsu.edu</a><br><br>As of the writing of this document (11/4/20), this board has not been tested (but the boards should arrive in 1-2 weeks).<br><br>Purpose:<br>Charge and monitor 3 series connected 4s Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries from a 24 volt power supply while also supplying power to an outside board.<br><br>Features:<br>Fully customizable charging via USB programming a STM32F072RBT6 microcontroller (which can also be actively monitored and controlled via exposed SPI port)<br>Voltage monitoring of each of the connected cells<br>Current monitoring of the charge being fed into each cell<br>Current monitoring of the current being sent out of the pack when not charging<br><br>Details:<br>Computation/control is provided by the STM32F072RBT6 microcontroller.<br><br>The board is meant to operate in two modes: Charging mode and Discharging mode.<br><br>Charging mode (Adaptor connected):<br><br>The most common charging method for different types of lithium batteries appears to be CC/CV. In this method, constant current is provided to a discharged battery until its voltage reaches a certain value. At that point, the charger switches to constant voltage until the battery charge reaches a different value. Once the constant voltage charging is completed, the battery is disconnected from the charger until its voltage drops low enough that it is decided that it needs to be charged again. To allow this charging method to be used, current is provided from the adaptor with high frequency PWM while both voltage and current are monitored for each battery.<br><br>Each of the batteries is isolated from the others (and the pack output) by disabling the first two NMOSFETS of NMosfets Q4 (bat 1->2), Q6 (bat 2->3), Q8 (bat pack output). These NMosfets are driven by IC8, IC9 and IC7 respectively while those are in turn controlled in turn by pins PB12, PB13 and PB14 on the microcontroller. The last is left enabled to provide power to the load while charging (which was a bad design decision which is addressed in the to fix section).<br><br>The battery negative terminals are connected to ground via NMosfets (Bat1 -> connected, Bat2 -> Q5, Bat3 -> Q7). These NMOSFETs are driven directly from the microcontroller pins (though resistors are used) because they offer reasonably low resistance at logic levels, are connected to ground and don't need to switch fast. Each NMOSFET gate is provided with a draining resistor to bias them toward ground so they don't cause power loss during startup. During charging, these NMOSFETs are set active<br><br>The charging current to each battery is provided by a PWM modulated feed from the 24V power supply, with the current and voltage supplied to each battery monitored.<br><br>The PWM logic signals are provided by pins PA0 (Bat1), PA1 (Bat2), PA2 (Bat3) which drive NMosfet drivers IC1, IC2, IC3, which in turn drive NMOSFETs Q1, Q2, Q3 to provide PWM power from the 24V adaptor. <br><br>The batteries' voltage is monitored with a voltage divider pair which feeds the reduced voltages to the ADC sample points (Bat1 -> PC0, Bat2 -> PC2, Bat3 -> PC4).<br><br>The batteries' charging current is monitored by the voltage across current sense resistors (Bat1 -> R10, Bat2 -> R11, Bat3 -> R12) and amplified by their respective current sense amplifiers (Bat1 -> IC4, Bat2 -> IC2, Bat3 -> IC3) before being sent to ADC sampling pins on the microcontroller (Bat1 -> PC1, Bat2 -> PC3, Bat3 -> PC5).<br><br>The PWM power signal is sent through a 4.7 uf capacitor to help smooth it before the voltage is sampled. The PWM signal could be set to hundreds of kilohertz as needed to try to help smooth the charging voltage.<br><br>Discharging mode (Adaptor disconnected):<br>Each of the batteries is connected in series with the others and the pack output by enabling NMosfets Q4 (bat 1->2), Q6 (bat 2->3), Q8 (bat pack output). These NMosfets are driven by IC8, IC9 and IC7 respectively while those are in turn controlled in turn by pins PB12, PB13 and PB14 on the microcontroller. All other NMOSFETs are disabled.<br><br>The batteries' voltage is monitored with a voltage divider pair which feeds the reduced voltages to the ADC sample points (Bat1 -> PC0, Bat2 -> PC2, Bat3 -> PC4). If the current drops suffiently, the serial NMOSFETs can be disabled as well so that the only current draw is from the microcontroller and NMOSFET drivers.<br><br><br>To Fix:<br>Upon reflection, I think that the +24V diode protected adaptor power output, the +36V diode protected battery pack power output (which in practice can go as high as +44V), the diode protected +12V output from the first battery and the diode protected USB power output should all be connected. This would allow the highest voltage source to provided power (with the battery pack voltage dropping rapidly onces Q4, Q6, and Q8 are switched off) to the load and the linear regulator for the MCU without messing with the CC/CV charging measurements.<br><br>Adaptor voltage should be monitored so that the microcontroller can know whether the adaptor is connected easily.</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Mar 23, 2020 at 9:46 PM Charles West <<a href="mailto:crwest@ncsu.edu">crwest@ncsu.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><a class="gmail_plusreply" id="gmail-m_-9030084723900561827m_7986295226178818095plusReplyChip-0" href="mailto:shanedtrent@gmail.com" target="_blank">@Shane Trent</a><div><br></div><div>I was thinking of using 3 floating battery chargers (it's just 3 batteries), but I'm finding it somewhat complicated by the fact that the batteries are wired in series. I'm concerned that the 24V power supply will not be able to charge the last two cells because of their high voltage. It only works if the chargers use the battery ground but the supply voltage is somehow raised to X higher than the output of the previous cell. That's why I'm hoping to more or less break the serial connection before trying to charge them. I'm a little leery of trying to charge multiple cells in parallel, even if they had charge balancing. Everything I've read seems to indicate that you should be very careful to pay individual attention to each cell (I'm somewhat nervous about the 4 cell series charging, but it seems to be what they are designed for).</div><div><br></div><div>@Pete</div><div>Yes. Each battery has its own charging circuit that connects to each of its terminals. The FETs are meant to basically switch it from a serial battery setup to one where each battery is connected to ground on the - side and the charger on the positive side.</div><div><br></div><div>I would love to have my robots last that long. It seems pretty unlikely though. The batteries would certainly give out before then, even given the more durable chemistry. I'm mostly trying to limit what can go wrong to try to make it as reliable as is practical.</div><div><br></div><div>@All</div><div>I'm wondering if it might be better to add a dedicated microcontroller to the design and remove the specialized charger circuits. A few tutorials I've read (such as this one: <a href="https://www.microfarad.de/li-charger/" target="_blank">https://www.microfarad.de/li-charger/</a>) seem to indicate that you can do the normal constant current/constant voltage algorithms charging batteries just with relatively unfiltered FET PWM (perhaps just a cap on the output). If so, it would allow me to drastically reduce the cost of the charger/#number of different components and allow programmable change of the charging characteristics. Does that sound practical to you guys or do you think that some sort of LC low pass filtering would be needed?</div><div><br></div><div>Thanks,</div><div>Charlie<br></div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Mar 23, 2020 at 11:12 AM Pete Soper <<a href="mailto:pete@soper.us" target="_blank">pete@soper.us</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto">Also, if you're thinking of lifetimes past ten years, at least look into flash memory retention specs. If I read them right, to prevent the charge going away will require rewriting much like DRAM, but with N year vs X millisecind timing.<div dir="auto">Pete</div><div><br></div><div style="font-size:100%;color:rgb(0,0,0)" dir="auto"><div>-------- Original message --------</div><div>From: Shane Trent <<a href="mailto:shanedtrent@gmail.com" target="_blank">shanedtrent@gmail.com</a>> </div><div>Date: 3/23/20 10:49 AM (GMT-05:00) </div><div>To: Pete Soper <<a href="mailto:pete@soper.us" target="_blank">pete@soper.us</a>> </div><div>Cc: Charles West <<a href="mailto:crwest@ncsu.edu" target="_blank">crwest@ncsu.edu</a>>, TriEmbed Discussion <<a href="mailto:triembed@triembed.org" target="_blank">triembed@triembed.org</a>> </div><div>Subject: Re: [TriEmbed] Designing a LiFePO4 battery charger </div><div><br></div></div><div dir="ltr">Charlie,<div><br></div><div>What about using four, floating 14.6V chargers that are powered when AC is available? You could leave the batteries in series and eliminate the extra isolation FETs (or relays). And it would charge 4x faster than charging them serially. </div><div><br></div><div>About relays, If you use FETs with relays to eliminate current for open and close events, the relays should last almost forever. The datasheet below the DPDT relays used for NCD's 5A model (actually rated for 8A). Looking at the "Electrical Endurance" chart, if you limit the open/close current to less than 1 amp, you could expect 10^6 operations. That would allow cycling the relays every 10 minutes for 19 years.</div><div><a href="https://media.ncd.io/20181002093211/RT2_1014-735742.pdf" target="_blank">https://media.ncd.io/20181002093211/RT2_1014-735742.pdf</a><br></div><div><br></div><div>You could also use a FET H-bridge for each battery to swap the batteries out one at a time for charging. But as you pointed out, gate drivers would be needed for 15 of the 16 FETs. I am starting to like the idea of the faster charging of four floating chargers.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Shane</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Mar 22, 2020 at 9:57 PM Pete Soper <<a href="mailto:pete@soper.us" target="_blank">pete@soper.us</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<p>So some other circuitry connects the individual batteries to the
charger(s) some how? <br>
</p>
<p>These relays are cycled what, a few times a day at most? I think
depending on part selection they could last a very very long time
if genuine parts from a vendor with a reputation to protect. Look
for automotive ratings.</p>
<p>I shouldn't have used the term "Rube Goldberg". That was with my
application in mind, not yours. As Shane pointed out it could be
straight forward. <br>
</p>
<p>-Pete</p>
<p><a href="http://triembed.org/images/relays-schematic.pdf" target="_blank">This</a>
is a Rube Goldberg circuit. :-)<br>
</p>
<div>On 3/22/20 8:20 PM, Charles West wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>@Pete <br>
</div>
<div>I'm glad you guys are OK. The crux of the issue is that I
haven't seen any LiFEPO4 charger ICs that handle more than 7
cells in series. Each of my three batteries have 4 cells in
them, so I think I need to have one charger for each battery
which charges the 4 cells of the battery in series.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I only get 1-2 hrs of working time a day right now due to
my daughter's pre-school shutting down, so it will be a little
while before I get a functional schematic out. However, I was
tentatively thinking of using the following components:</div>
<div>NMosfets (used for all): <a href="https://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/ON-Semiconductor/NVMFS5C612NLAFT1G?qs=%2Fha2pyFadugLwIkhTqkZTKk6f9YgRBDTRk6R4I0d7T5BfE4p4JIMyYRpkPiujU25" target="_blank">https://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/ON-Semiconductor/NVMFS5C612NLAFT1G?qs=%2Fha2pyFadugLwIkhTqkZTKk6f9YgRBDTRk6R4I0d7T5BfE4p4JIMyYRpkPiujU25</a></div>
<div>High side NMosfet driver (for NMosfets which are not
connected to ground): <a href="https://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Analog-Devices-Linear-Technology/LTC7003EMSEPBF?qs=sGAEpiMZZMve4%2FbfQkoj%252BKKapMsNT2INsri6aFIMPoQ%3D" target="_blank">https://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Analog-Devices-Linear-Technology/LTC7003EMSEPBF?qs=sGAEpiMZZMve4%2FbfQkoj%252BKKapMsNT2INsri6aFIMPoQ%3D</a></div>
<div>Single battery charger (would use 3 of these with a 24V
supply): <a href="https://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Texas-Instruments/BQ24630RGER?qs=sGAEpiMZZMsZtvfwwjgKgY9Zc%252BP5Y9S3" target="_blank">https://www.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Texas-Instruments/BQ24630RGER?qs=sGAEpiMZZMsZtvfwwjgKgY9Zc%252BP5Y9S3</a></div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Same schematic with auto-annotation:</div>
<div><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/19qjaiqOR5wqI34htY-u9LFqNepMjd0cY/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">https://drive.google.com/file/d/19qjaiqOR5wqI34htY-u9LFqNepMjd0cY/view?usp=sharing</a></div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Apologies if I wasn't clear. I've annotated the
schematic. WIth the updated one M1, M3, M5 would be on and
M2. M4 off during "normal" operation, resulting in ~36V from
the 3 ~12v cells. During charging, M1, M3, M5 would be off
and M2, M4 would be on. The idea is that M1, M3, M5 control
charge moving from the high side of a battery to the low side
of the next one, so disabling them isolate the cells from each
other. The charger ICs seem to expect the low end of the
batteries to be connected to ground, so M2, M4 being on makes
that happen.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Given that during series ("normal") operation, M1, M3, M5
have an approximately 0 voltage difference between source and
drain (and M5 requires a gate voltage relative to ground
higher than the 24V the charger is getting), I think a gate
driver with a charge pump is needed to drive the those 3
mosfets. Does all of that make sense?</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Relays would be great in terms of functionality but I'm a
little worried about reliability. The hub motors I'm using
are brushless & direct drive with a lower mechanical load
than they were designed for, so they might last a fairly long
time. It would certainly simplify the design though.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Thanks,</div>
<div>Charlie<br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Mar 22, 2020 at 3:57
PM Shane Trent via TriEmbed <<a href="mailto:triembed@triembed.org" target="_blank">triembed@triembed.org</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">Charlie,<br>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>It doesn't surprise me that Pete beat me to the punch
on mentioning relays after you said "one battery at a
time". I expect Pete and I share similar ideas. My though
was connect each battery to the COM terminals of a DPDT
relay and use the Normally Closed (NC) contacts to wire
the batteries in series. When AC power is available for
charging, you can use the relay's to pull one battery at a
time out of the chain, check its voltage and charge if
needed. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>You would have the clack of mechanical relays but
adding just two MOSFETs should let you get the full
expected mechanical life-cycle from the relays. Include a
strong N-type MOSFET at the bottom of your battery chain
and in the ground lead of your charger (keeping the
charger isolated from the circuit until that FET is
enabled. These FETs allow you to ensure there is no
current flowing when you open or close the contacts of the
relays.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I expect the life-span of the relays will be more than
sufficient to outlive the motors/gear train on the
project. And using relays would make the functioning of
the charging circuit easier to follow. Additionally, you
can buy a off-the-shelf relay board for prototyping (I
have used NCD boards on multiple projects). Let me know if
you have any questions. </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><a href="https://store.ncd.io/product/4-channel-dpdt-signal-relay-controller-4-gpio-with-i2c-interface/" target="_blank">https://store.ncd.io/product/4-channel-dpdt-signal-relay-controller-4-gpio-with-i2c-interface/</a> </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Good luck with your project,</div>
<div>Shane <br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Mar 22, 2020 at
3:27 PM Pete Soper via TriEmbed <<a href="mailto:triembed@triembed.org" target="_blank">triembed@triembed.org</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<p>Hi Charlie! Jenny, Emily and I are well and happy.<br>
</p>
<p>Your circuit made me chuckle, 'cause when I was
thinking of your earlier posting I was going to share
the scheme I intended to use for charging a capacitor
with a string of microbial fuel cells by switching
then between parallel and series connections. But that
was at silly low currents were analog multiplexer
chips would work. But the prototype was using relays.
If you're interested I could dig up the schematic.
Definitely the Rube Goldberg approach with relays,
though, but your "one battery at a time" requirement
would make it simpler. :-) <br>
</p>
<p>Your schematic implies wanting to just charge one
battery at a time, but I can't see your circuit
working past an initial point. But I think it's in the
right direction. (Nit: your schematic symbols are for
some kind of very generic FET transistor and I'm sure
you'd be using high current ones with body diodes,
right? Bigger nit: if there were part numbers we could
more easily reason about the wiring). <br>
</p>
<p>So numbering the transistors from left to right as
Q1-5, then with Q2 and Q3 off but the others on,
that's "normal mode", right? With Q1-3 off but Q4 and
5 on a lower voltage could charge the third battery.
But I don't see how you go beyond there with this
circuit. <br>
</p>
<p>Or am I misunderstanding this? At a minimum you'd
have to arrange for your single-battery charging
voltage to reach the positive sides of the first two
batteries, right? So maybe have Q6 and Q7 between the
right side supply and the "positive side" of Q1 and
Q3, using the Q3 and Q5 to disconnect paths as needed
and then perhaps a Q8 and Q9 to select between
running the system to conduct the higher "all in
series" battery voltage to the load and the lower,
charger voltage to the one of three batteries. That
is, a SPDT switch above the rightmost net going
upwards in your schematic.<br>
</p>
<p>Alternatively, figure out how laptop batteries are
handled. They seem to be always one big series
connection, but maybe the extra connection pins we see
are for this same approach? I have no clue about that.<br>
</p>
<p>-Pete<br>
</p>
<div>On 3/22/20 1:09 PM, Charles West via TriEmbed
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>Hey Carl!</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I'm glad to hear that you are doing well. The
12v batteries have built in balancers/protection.
It's isolation for charger that I'm trying to
figure out. I think I have a potential solution (<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JxSStAuKn-OMZUCreYQjGUVy5fR2ADpU/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JxSStAuKn-OMZUCreYQjGUVy5fR2ADpU/view?usp=sharing</a>)
with the NMOSFETs between each battery needing a
high side driver. The idea is that when the
batteries are operating normally, you turn on the
between battery mosfets and disable the to ground
mosfets, then inverse for charging.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Does that make sense to you guys?<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Thanks,</div>
<div>Charlie<br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, Mar 21,
2020 at 4:42 PM Carl Nobile <<a href="mailto:carl.nobile@gmail.com" target="_blank">carl.nobile@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">Hey Charley,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>We're doing ok, I'm working from home 100%
of the time now.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>This may not be the exact answer to your
issue but it may help. Banggood has a lot of
LiIon battery protection boards. You may be
able to use one of these, it would make the
actual charger a bit simpler.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><a href="https://www.banggood.com/search/liion-battery-protection.html?from=nav" target="_blank">https://www.banggood.com/search/liion-battery-protection.html?from=nav</a><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>~Carl</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, Mar
21, 2020 at 8:17 AM Charles West via TriEmbed
<<a href="mailto:triembed@triembed.org" target="_blank">triembed@triembed.org</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>Hello all!</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I hope the virus hasn't affected you
guys too badly. My little family's been
pretty much staying in our house for the
last week and a half (since our daughter's
preschool closed), but we are doing OK
overall.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>The work on the sidewalk robot
continues! I'm in the middle of testing a
brushless motor controller/MCU combination
to drive the four hub motors that will be
moving the Mk3 robot. If all goes well,
it will be built like a tank and strong
enough that I could ride on it if I wanted
to.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>The part I'm trying to figure out is
battery charging/system protection. The
motors expect 36V, so I'm putting 3 4s
LiFePO4 batteries in series to provide
it. What I'm not really sure about is how
to integrate a charger. Each of the
batteries (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07Q7FY8CC/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_title?ie=UTF8&psc=1" target="_blank">batteries</a>)
is meant to substitute for a 12V lead-acid
motorcycle? battery, with its own built in
cell balancer. I'm hoping to charge them
with power from a 24V DC regulator,
potentially with a simple 2 terminal
charging dock.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>The issue I'm running into is that none
of the charger ICs I'm looking at can
handle 12 cells in series (and they would
probably require 40V or so if they did).
I'm thinking that I should be able to have
a seperate charger IC for each battery,
but I'm not entirely clear on how you
would charge them in parallel while having
them connected in series. I'm sure you
can do it, because my other charger does
it for Lithium polymer, but I'm not sure
what the configuration would look like.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>If I may ask, do you have any ideas?</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Thanks,</div>
<div>Charlie<br>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
-- <br>
<div dir="ltr">-------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
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<a href="mailto:carl.nobile@gmail.com" target="_blank">carl.nobile@gmail.com</a><br>
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<div style="margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0px"><b>Shane
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<table style="max-width:470px;padding-bottom:10px;margin-bottom:8px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:470px" width="470" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td style="width:10px;padding-right:10px"> <img src="https://d36urhup7zbd7q.cloudfront.net/90c0bf9d-3fff-46c1-b0e0-2d6ec5d88108/ShaneBioPhotoCroppeddeleted19624a8551057e0d6dc353501de57e4d.crop_1536x2003_430,259.preview.format_png.resize_200x.jpeg" alt="photo" style="border-radius: 0px; width: 65px; height: 84.7624px; max-width: 120px;" width="65" height="84.7623697917"> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid rgb(69,102,142)"></td> <td style="text-align:initial;font:12px Arial;color:rgb(100,100,100);padding:0px 10px"> <div style="margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0px"><b>Shane D Trent</b><br> <span>Patent Agent</span> </div> <table style="width:470px;margin-top:5px" width="470" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:rgb(141,141,141);font-size:12px"> <p style="margin:0px"> <a href="tel:919-348-0061" style="color:rgb(141,141,141);text-decoration:none;font-family:sans-serif" target="_blank">919-348-0061</a> <span style="color:rgb(69,102,142);display:inline-block">|</span> <span style="display:inline-block"><a href="mailto:shanedtrent@gmail.com" style="color:rgb(141,141,141);text-decoration:none;font-family:sans-serif" target="_blank">shanedtrent@gmail.com</a></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="color:rgb(141,141,141);font-size:12px"> <p style="margin:0px"> <span style="white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block"><a href="http://ShaneTrent.com" style="color:rgb(141,141,141);text-decoration:none;font-family:sans-serif" target="_blank">ShaneTrent.com</a></span> <span style="color:rgb(69,102,142);display:inline-block">|</span> <span style="display:inline-block"><span style="color:rgb(141,141,141)">Skype: <a href="#m_-9030084723900561827_m_7986295226178818095_m_9191686542577320692_m_5084229381385021503_m_1200211025825053041_SignatureSanitizer_SafeHtmlFilter_" style="text-decoration:none;color:rgb(141,141,141);font-family:sans-serif">skype:shane.trent1</a></span></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="color:rgb(141,141,141);font-size:12px;font-family:sans-serif"> <span style="color:rgb(141,141,141);display:inline-block;font-family:sans-serif">Raleigh, North Carolina</span> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="margin-top:10px"><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr style="padding-top:10px"><td style="padding-right:5px;text-align:center;padding-top:0px" align="left"> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/shanetrent" target="_blank"><img src="https://cdn.gifo.wisestamp.com/social/linkedin/0077b5/16/0.png"></a></td><td style="padding-right:5px;text-align:center;padding-top:0px" align="left"> <a href="http://twitter.com/sdtrent" target="_blank"><img src="https://cdn.gifo.wisestamp.com/social/twitter/55acee/16/0.png"></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
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